Dermatology and Cosmetic Medicine

Urticaria and Angioedema

Urticaria, commonly known as hives, is a skin condition characterized by red, itchy welts that can vary in size and shape. These welts often appear suddenly and may move around the body. Urticaria can be acute, lasting less than six weeks, or chronic, persisting for more than six weeks. Triggers for acute urticaria include allergic reactions to foods, medications, insect stings, or physical factors like heat, cold, and exercise. Chronic urticaria is often idiopathic, meaning its cause is unknown, though it may be associated with autoimmune disorders or chronic infections.Angioedema is closely related to urticaria but affects deeper layers of the skin, often resulting in swelling around the eyes, lips, throat, and sometimes the hands and feet. This swelling can be painful and, in severe cases, life-threatening if it leads to airway obstruction. Angioedema can occur with urticaria or independently. Common triggers include the same allergens that cause hives, as well as certain medications like ACE inhibitors used to treat high blood pressure.Both urticaria and angioedema result from the release of histamine and other chemicals from mast cells in the skin and mucous membranes. This release can be triggered by an immune response, direct mast cell activation, or non-immune mechanisms. Diagnosis typically involves a detailed patient history and, in some cases, allergy testing or blood tests to identify underlying conditions.Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms and avoiding triggers. Antihistamines are the first line of treatment for both conditions, helping to reduce itching and swelling. In more severe cases, corticosteroids, epinephrine, or immunosuppressive agents may be necessary. For chronic conditions, lifestyle modifications and stress management techniques can be beneficial.